Author Topic: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!  (Read 4204 times)

Offline KiwiZac

  • The Modeller Formerly Known As K5054NZ
Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« on: December 11, 2015, 09:33:52 AM »
I’ve been wanting to share the photos for the last week but wanted to do the story first. Enjoy!

Project Hermes – The Royal Air Force Moon missions

Unlike the American Apollo program, the United Kingdom’s Project Hermes was run by the Royal Air Force as a military initiative and details of the missions themselves and the identities of the crews involved will be classified Most Secret until 2063. This piece is based on what is publicly known and acknowledged by the MOD, UKSA and RAF.

In late 1962 the Royal Air Force expressed interest in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s activities to put humans in space and their stated aim of landing on the Moon. After being extensively briefed, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Marshal of the RAF Sir Thomas Pike met with US President John F Kennedy and NASA Administrator James E Webb in March the following year. The two nations are understood to have signed an agreement on March 12 enabling UK licence production of five Saturn V rockets and four sets of Apollo spacecraft (one dummy or “boilerplate” Command Module would also be built), as well as use of NASA training facilities for UK astronauts.

Using the NASA programme as a base the RAF would fly five missions: the first unmanned to test the boilerplate spacecraft and launch facilities, the second a manned orbital flight (similar to Apollo 9) and the remaining three to be return manned missions to the Moon.

The de Havilland Aircraft Company was contracted to licence-build Grumman Aircraft’s Lunar Excursion Module with Bristol Siddeley providing the two engines, while the British Aircraft Corporation and Rolls-Royce teamed up to produce the Command and Service modules. Hawker (Stage 1), Handley Page (S2) and Avro (S3) produced the launch vehicle itself, which was sufficiently modified from the US-built Saturn V to be renamed the Saturn VI. Numerous other British companies contributed smaller elements and structures, such as Martin-Baker (Launch Escape System) and Racal-Decca and Marconi (Instrument Unit). Australian firm Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation was awarded the contract to build several intermediate components including the Spacecraft LM Adaptor and interstage shrouds.

In 1963 Avro, de Havilland, Hawker, Gloster and several other Hermes contractors were merged into Hawker Siddeley, however work on the project continued uninterrupted.

As the missions were not to be as publicised as the NASA flights the RAF elected to base the operation at Woomera in central Australia, a remote site with strict security. Part of the 1962 agreement is believed to have been that the RAF missions would not predate the NASA flights, enabling Apollo to be the true historic milestone. Because of this, the first, unmanned Hermes mission could not take place until after Apollo 7 and the final moon landing had to be before the final NASA mission.

Hermes 1 launched at Woomera at 5am on October 14 1968, the Command Module re-entering intact and being recovered two days later. Some parts of the first stage were also recovered, however the rest of the launch vehicle was believed to have been destroyed on re-entry.

The first manned mission, Hermes 2, took place between April 9 and 16 1969. It is understood that the LEM, the first built outside of the United States, performed as expected and burned up on re-entry later in the month.
Hermes 3 was the first to land on the Moon, on January 18 1970. Each of the three Moon mission LEMs was named for a British explorer and the Hermes 3 craft was named Walter Raleigh. The RAF later declared the extra-vehicular activity – EVA or “moonwalk” – by the two astronauts was 3hr 22min in duration. This remains the only Hermes EVA duration ever disclosed to the public. On January 19 the pair rejoined the third crew member in the CM and returned to Earth, arriving in the Indian Ocean on January 24.

Hermes 4 launched on April 5 1970, and the LEM Ernest Shackleton landed three miles from Apollo 11’s LM in the Sea of Tranquility four days later. S3 of the Saturn VI launch vehicle did not re-enter Earth’s atmosphere as planned and was destroyed in an anti-satellite missile test in 1986 (this event prompted the first disclosure by the RAF of the existence of Project Hermes in a sensational press conference shown across the world).
Hermes 5, the last RAF moon mission, took off from Woomera on the night of August 4 1972. LEM James Cook landed in the Ocean of Storms on August 8 and its ascent stage departed three days later. The CM splashed down off the Perth coast on August 15 and with that, Project Hermes’ spaceflights were at an end.

Upon their return to Earth each Command Module was returned to the UK on board the light cruiser HMS Lion and taken to Boscombe Down airfield for inspection and storage. The five CMs are the only remaining components of Project Hermes on Earth.

Because of the strict terms of the agreement signed by the UK and USA governments and space agencies in 1963, the names of the astronauts, the mission profiles and radio/television recordings were sealed for 100 years. This information will not be released until March 12 2063 despite countless attempts to gain early access by academics, enthusiasts and journalists. To date only the most basic information has been released, despite two of the CMs – from Hermes 3 and 5 – being put on public display at the RAF Museum and the destruction of S3-4 in July 1986.

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This model is the old Revell 1/96 kit, reissued several times and – in this case – with glue and paint to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission and landing. From what I’ve read online this kit dates back to before then and represents the Block I spacecraft – compare the CM and SM to photos of the real deal in space and you can see a lot of differences. I bought the kit cheap while on a big space kick and ended up shelving the build because there were so many changes to be done. But then, thanks to Secret Projects, I saw a picture of an RAF-marked capsule….and so, Project Hermes was born!



One of the daunting bits that made me return the kit to the stash was the gold foil on the LEM. A small sheet was provided. In the end I just breathed deeply, cut each panel using the assembled lower stage as a template and attached using supermarket super glue. Anywhere the gold came off (and onto my fingertips…felt very odd!) I just went over with thinned Tamiya Gold Leaf acrylic, which is a great match, to cover the silver patches. And there’s foil left over! Well…I did wimp out and not do some of the struts…



Being an old Revell kit it has play features, such as a detachable Ascent Stage. I kept this…because it’s fun!


And the completed de Havilland Lunar Excursion Module, with an RAF astronaut inside (trust me, he’s in there):




The Command and Service Modules are the least lunar-Apollo-accurate bits, hence the whiffing. But they build up nicely. Again you can’t see the crew member in his seat, and again they are made to be pulled apart to simulate the different stages of the mission.





And, finally, the completed diorama with a moonwalker. Of course I didn’t think to align the “feet” of the LEM with the moulded indentations on the base…why would I be smart enough to do that?!



Anyhoo, there you have it. 


And am I tempted to build a Saturn VI with RAF roundels and Union Jack? You bet!
« Last Edit: December 11, 2015, 09:37:55 AM by KiwiZac »
Zac in NZ
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Offline raafif

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Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #1 on: December 11, 2015, 11:18:54 AM »
great idea & build, Zac :)


One wonders, given the state ofthe UK aero industry at the time, what a UK-designed moon-lander would look like ? :D

Offline elmayerle

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Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #2 on: December 11, 2015, 12:48:59 PM »
One wonders, given the state ofthe UK aero industry at the time, what a UK-designed moon-lander would look like ? :D
Possibly something fairly directly derived from some of the BIS efforts?

Offline Weaver

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Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #3 on: December 11, 2015, 03:42:07 PM »
Great idea Zac.

(Detailed comment over on What If.)


One wonders, given the state ofthe UK aero industry at the time, what a UK-designed moon-lander would look like ? :D

Or indeed, what an entirely indiginous UK or European Moon programme might have looked like.

One thought I came up with was to rely on a smaller, commercially viable launch vehicle and go for the Earth Orbit Rendezvous approach, using multiple launches to build your Moonship in LEO. You'd probably want to do that after starting an LEO space station programme though, in order to build up rendezvous/docking experience. That in turn would push your programme into the post-Apollo era, so it would have to do more than just duplicate Apollo: maybe use even more launches to do 'super-science' Moon missions with far more science take than Apollo.
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Offline elmayerle

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Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #4 on: December 11, 2015, 09:47:48 PM »
One wonders, given the state ofthe UK aero industry at the time, what a UK-designed moon-lander would look like ? :D

Or indeed, what an entirely indiginous UK or European Moon programme might have looked like.

One thought I came up with was to rely on a smaller, commercially viable launch vehicle and go for the Earth Orbit Rendezvous approach, using multiple launches to build your Moonship in LEO. You'd probably want to do that after starting an LEO space station programme though, in order to build up rendezvous/docking experience. That in turn would push your programme into the post-Apollo era, so it would have to do more than just duplicate Apollo: maybe use even more launches to do 'super-science' Moon missions with far more science take than Apollo.
Perhaps going one step further and building an orbital base, initially for support of the assembly efforts but then allowing for more science and other efforts in LEO, something like a more advanced Skylab without the one-time pizazz effect.  As for a commercially viable launch vehicle, perhaps the schemed Black Prince as a starting point?  If I remember correctly, it was a more capable follow-on to Black Arrow and was eventually folded into the pan-European effort.

Offline Weaver

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Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #5 on: December 11, 2015, 11:29:47 PM »
Another alternative approach is to send the LEM and the CSM to the Moon separately on two smaller launch vehicles and have them rendezvous in lunar orbit before and after descent. This not only has the advantage of making each rocket smaller, but also the unmanned LEM mission doesn't have the life-support driven time pressure of the CSM mission, so it can use a smaller and lighter engine for the trans-lunar injection burn, getting there with a slower, longer burn, with LEO circularisation being done by either a shorter third stage or an extended second stage.

You could even economise on propellant further by using a multi-pass TLI maneuver for the LEM, taking several orbits to get up to near-escape velocity (lunar gravity does the rest of the job) in which you only burn at perigee to raise the apogee in stages, thus getting maximum benefit from the Oberth Effect.
"I have described nothing but what I saw myself, or learned from others" - Thucydides

"I've jazzed mine up a bit" - Spike Milligan

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Twitter: @hws5mp
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Offline Brian da Basher

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Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #6 on: December 12, 2015, 11:36:33 AM »
It's almost scary how great those UK markings look on those space vehicles!

Well done, Old Bean! The gold metal foil came out especially nice!

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Offline GTX_Admin

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Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #7 on: December 13, 2015, 03:11:52 AM »
Of course we all should know that the Hermes program was really just a cover for something else:

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Offline Weaver

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Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #8 on: December 13, 2015, 03:17:28 AM »
Speaking of Brits in space, Tim Peake, our first ESA astronaut, blasts off for the ISS in three days' time.
"I have described nothing but what I saw myself, or learned from others" - Thucydides

"I've jazzed mine up a bit" - Spike Milligan

"I'm a general specialist," - Harry Purvis in Tales from the White Hart by Arthur C. Clarke

Twitter: @hws5mp
Minds.com: @HaroldWeaverSmith

Offline KiwiZac

  • The Modeller Formerly Known As K5054NZ
Re: Project Hermes: Brits on the Moon!
« Reply #9 on: December 14, 2015, 03:31:17 AM »
Thanks guys, I didn't expect my little models to trigger such an informed discussion!

Re Lunar Orbit Rendezvous - in my recent online reading I've found that there was a Gemini proposal for lunar landing which would've relied on LOR.

Tim Peake - I watched a video last night of him seeing the previous launch, I'm so excited for him! Interesting that his departure is the day before the new Star Wars comes out in NZ...
Zac in NZ
#avgeek, modelbuilder, photographer, writer. Callsign: "HANDBAG"
https://linktr.ee/zacyates