...... (and Avro-Canada had some concepts for ballistic missile interception, too)......
Outside of Mutually-Assureded Destruction already being a deterent, what was the challenge that prevented the concept of ABM-armed manned interceptors from happening, particularly for countries that did not possess any credible strategic nuclear capability of their own??
Apart from the technical difficulties of designing a long-range, high accelleration, missile which was guided by a long-range radar system? Cost. The US spent approximately several tens of billion dollars on it's Safeguard System to turn it off after a couple of months. It took over 20 years to develop as well.
One of the key issues would be weight of the missile. Assume for a minute you could actually create and package the tracking and homing systems into a missile terminal stage that could do the job if it got close enough (and actually creating such a system is where all ABM missiles actually attempted fell down), you then need to get that terminal stage to the ICBM. Which, over Canada, is at the apex of its high, looping, ballistic trajectory from the USSR to the US. Canada is absolutely the worst place to launch an ABM as to achieve the altitude to get to the ICBM, you have to push it uphill the furthest, so the booster would be the biggest.
The Sprint ABM was to be launched to hit the ICBMs in the terminal mode, just before impact with a range of 25 miles. They weighed 7500 lb each.
THAAD is, of course, newer and uses much better technology than would be available to an early-60s ABM Arrow. Each missile has a range of 125 miles and weighs 1980 lb. And is still designed to hit incoming missiles within the upper atmosphere.
ICBMs generally top out at a 1200 mile max altitude.
An effective ABM for mid course intercept would need to be essentially another ICBM in size to get to the altitude.
An Arrow could never hoist an effective air launched ABM even if one existed at the time. And neither could any other aircraft of 1955-65.